Causes, Types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Free Essay Example, 2000 words

More than 90% of people diagnosed with CJD are suffering from this type of CJD and it is mainly found in people aged between 45 to 75. There are no specific symptoms for this CJD (Shah et al. , 2009); however, some early symptoms such as depression may be present but it can quickly progress into confusion and problems of memory which is commonly observed in dementia, followed by loss of balance and coordination along with progressive blindness (Piouti et al. , 2012). Familial or genetic CJD is one of the rare genetic condition in which the person s genes are inherited from one parent who causes the protein to get mutated into a prion in later stages of life that trigger the symptoms of CJD. In other words, it appears in families that have an abnormal gene. About 7% of cases have this type of CJD. In order to diagnose it, a blood test is done; a person having this abnormal gene has 50% chance of transmitting it to children. The other rare form of CJD is Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Gerstmann-Str ussler-Scheinker (GSS); both of these are rarely found in people (Brand et al. , 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Causes, Types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page It can even occur with blood transfusion in which variant CJD is transmitted from one person to other. Once the symptoms are identified, the disease spreads quickly in the body (Tattum et al. , 2010). In many of the cases, classic CJD looks similar to various other dementias; the disease comes on in a fast mode and then declines the ability to think as symptoms start appearing.

In 2003, George W. Bush invaded Iraq, believing that the...

In 2003, George W. Bush invaded Iraq, believing that the country’s president Saddam Hussein was using weapons of mass destruction against the people of Iraq. This war started a larger war, named â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom†. The consequence of this inessential war were the lives of over 4000 Americans, over 1 trillion dollars in spending, and superfluous tension in the Middle East. Though there are many theories on why Bush invaded Iraq, the one that makes the most sense is overconfidence. Simply put, George W. Bush and his administration had faulty and ambiguous evidence, but their overconfidence and pride lead them to put the war into action anyway. This self-assuredness lead to the expiration of Bush’s tenure and the broken hearts of many†¦show more content†¦Mr. Bea talks about British Petroleum, which is most known for its oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. â€Å"Bea pointed to the congressional testimony, that BP ignored problems with a dead batt ery, leak cement job and loose hydraulic fittings† (Borenstein). Here, BP’s excessive pride lead to improper thinking, BP specifically thought that it could continue to ship and drill oil with a variety of known problems. In the end, BP faced a lot of criticism and worst of all, the Gulf of Mexico is now perilously polluted with oil. Many people like to believe that pride is something noble, something to treasure, but that is a false truism. Pride will actually bring a person to make false judgments and thinking, which will lead to the falling apart of the general public. Apart from causing fabricated beliefs, hubris will cause individuals to be so confident that they set completely impractical goals. One example is best expressed by Mr. Lee Clarke, who is an author and professor at Rutgers University. Clarke made up an example of unrealistic goals involving British Petroleum’s drilling, saying â€Å"we have been doing this every day, every year, week in, week out, so next week we go to 5000 feet, it will be like last week when we went to 300 feet† (Borenstein). BP’s overconfidence has undoubtedly caused them to set ridiculous expectations. In this scenario, BP is tryingShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesUniversity JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc

Jeannette Winterson Weight Free Essays

In Jeanette Winterson’s novel Weight, the author demonstrates how myths have modern personal relevancies and can encourage each reader to investigate the three main subject matters in their lives; boundaries, freedom, and guilt. The numerous references to walls throughout the novel signify the boundaries, which make Atlas strive for freedom. Winterson’s Weight, is a modern rewrite on an old myth of Atlas and Heracles, and the challenges they endure can be interpreted by individual readers for personal relevancies. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeannette Winterson Weight or any similar topic only for you Order Now Atlas, a father of daughters, is faced with the burden of carrying the world on his shoulders. This can represent a feeling as if one is carrying a world of stress and guilt on one’s shoulders and conscience. Heracles, the stronger of the two, takes the weight of the world from Atlas momentarily and struggles to carry the burden when he sends Atlas to pick three golden apples from the Garden of Hesperides. For example, boundaries are represented by walls throughout Winterson’s novel, not just the physical structures but also any other representation of a boundary. Winterson conceives the body itself as a boundary, in the sense that the skin stands between a human and everything else and although Atlas feels trapped in his own body, he escapes into his own mind to ponder the philosophies of boundaries and the universe. Winterson writes, â€Å"At last I began to hear something, I found that where the world was close to my ears, I could hear everything. I could hear conversation, parrots squawking, donkeys braying. I heard the rushing of underground rivers and the crackles of fires lighted. Each sound became a meaning and soon I began to de-code the world. †¦ As the dinosaurs crawl through my hair and volcanic eruptions pock my face, I find I am become a part of what I must bear. There is no longer Atlas and the world; there is only the World Atlas. Travel me and I am continents. I am the journey you must make. † (p. 24). This can represent feeling stuck within self, feeling trapped and almost tortured to find freedom. Although boundaries are a very strong representation within the novel, there is a connection between the walls and the freedom of nothingness. Atlas constantly is escaping into the limitless of his imagination, where he is not punished for wanting the forbidden. The Gods hoped that by punishing Atlas to be trapped in his body under the weight of the world that they would contain his mind, and they were mistaken. This can be interpreted as the strength and perseverance from within an individual. The wall that Atlas builds around the Garden of Hesperides is constructed in such a way that it explains freedom and nothingness that can sometimes be unappreciated. Winterson writes, â€Å"I built a walled garden, a temenos, a sacred space. I lifted the huge stones with my own hands and piled them carefully, as a goatherd would, leaving tiny gaps to let the wind through. A solid wall is easily collapsed. My mother stirring in her sleep could do as much. A wall well built with invisible spaces will allow the winds that rage against it to pass through. When the earth underneath it trembles, the spaces make room for movement and settlement. The wall stands. The wall’s strength is not in the stones but in the spaces between the stones. It’s a joke against me I think, that for all my strength and labour, the wall relies on nothing . Write it more substantially – NOTHING. † (p. 16). On the contrary, carrying the world doesn’t only make one feel trapped, it also feels as if one is carrying stress and guilt on their conscience, which feels as heavy as the world on one’s shoulders. Heracles is a representation of this when he sends Atlas to pick the golden apples from the Garden of Hesperides, and takes the weight of the world while Atlas travels. Heracles suffers while holding up the world. She writes â€Å"Meanwhile, Heracles was not happy. The world was much heavier than he had guessed. His strength lay in action not in endurance. He liked a short sharp fight, a good dinner and sleep. His body was as strong as Atlas’s, but his nature was not. Hera was right about him there. Heracles’s strength was a cover for his weakness. † (p. 58). While Heracles is holding up the weight of the world, he begins to think of murdering his own children, and all the brutal sexual abuse he has committed on women. This is a very strong moment for readers. When one uses their strength to such exhaustion, physically and emotionally, they tend to think about the wrong doings, and stress within their life and can no longer cope. Winterson shows this by writing, â€Å"Heracles was more afraid now than he had been in his whole life. He could accept any challenge except the challenge of no challenge. He knew himself through combat. He defined himself by opposition. When he fought, he could feel his muscles work, and the blood pumping through his body. Now he felt nothing but the weight of the world Atlas was right, it was too heavy for him. He couldn’t bear it. He couldn’t bear this slowing turning solitude. † (p. 71). In conclusion, humans need both freedom and boundaries. One may think they want freedom and despise boundaries, but to have no limitations and have complete freedom can actually be a burden itself. Humans need the weight of boundaries to keep from drifting away from reality. For Jeanette Winterson, weight can be equated with retelling a myth. The â€Å"I want to tell the story again† theme applies as Winterson writes about how you can tell a story numerous times, but need to stay within the boundaries of the original. For others, this novel may open up a new way of thinking, and coping with personal challenges one can face in modern day. Jeanette Winterson’s Weight is an authentic retelling of a classic myth, including the use of science facts and personal relevancies. Between the limitations, liberty, and culpability that the two main characters face, each reader can interpret each section inversely. Reference Winterson, J. (2006). Weight (2005). Toronto: Vintage Canada. How to cite Jeannette Winterson Weight, Papers

Does The UK Political System Tend Towards free essay sample

Conflict Or Consensus Essay, Research Paper In order to hold a stable authorities it is of import to hold consensus. ? Consensus is a general apprehension and understanding on cardinal principles. ? In political relations there are three chief types of consensus, Societal Consensus, Political Consensus and consensus in policy making.Societal consensus is overall public sentiment, the political beliefs of the public. ? Normally most people? s political sentiments are non excessively diverse, the bulk falling someplace around the Centre ground. ? The country of the political spectrum where the majority of the populace? s sentiment lies is called the consensus. ? To acquire elected, a political party must besides fall in this country, in order to appeal to the public.Therefore the chief political parties all have policies that are similar, as they all want to appeal to the public. ? This is Political Consensus. ? The parties may still differ over certain policies or issues, but on cardinal issues their policies are really similar. ? If a party was to present policies that were outside the consensus, they would lose popularity and would non be elected. ? This means that authoritiess frequently continue the policies of their predecessor.Consensus in policy devising is the pattern of affecting other groups in finding policies, in add-on to the cabinet. ? This may be Trade Unions, force per unit area groups or other appropriate group.Historically Britain has enjoyed consensus political relations. ? Following the Second World War a consensus between the chief political parties developed. ? There was a clime of co-operation between Labour and Conservatives following their alliance authorities during the war and the parties agreed in certain cardinal areas. ? Both parties accepted Keynesianism, an economic sciences system that bridged Capitalism and socialism, reasoning for full employment brought about by authorities intercession in the economy. ? There was cross-party support for the study by William Beveridge naming for a? Welfare State? The Labour authorities of 1945, led by Clement Atlee introduced policies in six key countries, which became the foundation for the post-war consensus. ? These were # 8211 ; the committedness to full employment, utilizing Keynesian economic thoughts to accomplish it. ? To hold a assorted economic system, including both publically and in private owned industries. ? The debut of a? Welfare State? , with the constitution of the NHS and benefits for those in need. ? The formalization of links with Trade Unions, affecting them in policy making. ? The committedness to cut downing the spread between the rich and hapless and to assist parts with economic problems. ? The committedness to NATO and to do Britain a atomic power, keeping close ties to America.In 1951 the Conservative Party was elected and although there were some minor alterations, they continued the policies of the old Labour Government. ? They merely had a really little bulk and so had to govern out any unpopular policies. ? This meant maintaining most of Labours policies. ? The Conservative Party leading was moderate and the more rightist MPs were marginalised. ? The Tories hence had no pick or so no desire to alter the policies started by Labour.The Conservative economic policy was so similar to Labor? s old one that the phrase? Butskellism? was coined after R.A. Butler the Tory Chancellor of the Exchequer and Hugh Gateskell the Chancellor of the Exchequer under Labour. ? Centrists succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister and so these consensus policies were continued. ? They remained unchanged when Labour came to power in 1964.The consensus policies had remained undisputed until the 1970? s when they began to be put under pressure. ? When Edward Heath came to power in 1970, he did so with a committedness to more rightist policies, such as restricting the power of the Unions, cut downing province control of industry and advancing the free market. ? However in 1972 as unemployment rose to over one million and his policies became less popular he did a? U-turn? . ? He abandoned his rightist policies and adopted more consensus policies ; he even adopted some leftist policies such as nationalisation. ? However despite continued audience and engagement of the Unions, it was the Unions who brought down his authorities in 1974 with the mineworker strike.This followed by a labour authorities, but they merely had a bantam bulk of 3 seats. ? This meant that the Labour authorities had to lt ;< p>pursue moderate policies despite force per unit area to present extremist left-wing policies. ? It had to give up on Keynesian economic sciences because of economic jobs, doing differences with Unions. ? This led to the? Winter of Discontentment? . ? This was when public sector workers brought the state to a base still by widespread strikes. ? They were really unpopular and the populace called for Union power to be curbed.This spelled the terminal for the post-war consensus as on the dorsum of this populace dissatisfaction Margaret Thatcher came to power with extremist right-wing policies. ? She abandoned Keynesianism in favor of Monetarism and the free market. ? She severed links with the brotherhoods and took off much of their power. ? She did non prosecute full employment, and did non see it as the authorities? s duty to decrease inequality, alternatively seeing it as an inducement to work harder. ? She was nevertheless unable to drastically reform the public assistance province as it had broad dispersed public support. ? Foreign and defense mechanism policy was continued with support for NATO and the atomic deterrent. ? During this clip Labour moved further left outside of the social consensus, doing itself unelectable. ? Mrs Thatcher? s old ages in authorities saw much struggle, with societal agitation and inner-city public violences in 1981 and 1985 and the Poll-Tax presentations in 1989.With the election of John Major more moderate policies were followed and today a new consensus has emerged to the right of the old one, with Tony Blair and his so called? Third Way? go oning many policies that would non hold seemed out of topographic point in Thatcher? s or Major? s authoritiess. ? His belief in? inclusive? political relations has seen him abandon many traditional socialist Labour thoughts and follow traditional Tory ones. ? The new consensus could be described as non an ideological consensus but as a matter-of-fact consensus, based around single issues as they arise instead than deep-rooted political beliefs.New Labours policies of privatizing air-traffic control and its committedness to cutting revenue enhancement are in line with Tory beliefs, but there are still many points on which New Labour and the Conservative Don? T agree. ? The EU and the Euro is a major beginning of dissension in British political relations with the Conservatives stanchly Euro-sceptic and against the individual currency with New Labour in favor. ? However even this dissentious issue has brought about a consensus, one between New Labour, the Lib Dems and heretical Tories, in the Britain in Europe group.There are nevertheless many struggles today in Britain, the obvious one being in Northern Ireland, with the problems get downing in 1969 and holding been a beginning of serious struggle of all time since. ? The force between Loyalists and Republicans within Northern Ireland and the IRA panic run on the mainland have been the chief menace to Britain? s internal security for many years. ? There are besides many other beginnings of struggle in Britain today, including the Anti-Hunt anteroom and the Countryside confederation and the Anti-capitalist public violence in London in the summer. ? There are many administrations that may present a menace in the hereafter such as the ALF, Reclaim the Streets and Earth First. ? A possible beginning of future struggle could be Scots and Welsh devolution. ? This may in fact weaken the brotherhood non beef up it as English bitterness at non holding an English parliament grows and as Scots and to a lesser extent Welsh patriotism grows in popularity.Despite these beginnings of struggle, British political relations tends largely towards consensus, since there is an understanding amongst both the populace and the major political parties on the cardinal issues, such as the belief in the being of a National Health Service and benefits. ? Britain has a stable authorities with no hazard of being overthrown. ? This is because the public recognises the authorities? s right to regulate even if they don? Ts agree with what the authorities is doing. ? The public accepts the democratic rule and therefore the authorities has legitimacy. ? There is no party that wishes to drastically alter the political system, although New Labour has introduced the reform of the House of Lords and limited electoral reform, but this is non excessively drastic. ? This is helped by Britain? s chiefly two party system as this keeps utmost parties out of parliament. ? The new consensus does non look to hold any major oppositions and so it is likely to go on good in to the following century.

Profession For Women By Virginia Woolf Essays - Bloomsbury Group

Profession For Women By Virginia Woolf "Professions for Women" Through Virginia Woolf's essay she shows how women struggle in society. Due to these struggles, women are held back from expressing their true selves. Virginia Woolf does not accept these struggles for she feels that in order for any one person to be complete he or she has to explore who they are as an individual. "Professions for Women" shows how a woman in society wants to explore her abilities as a woman, but has many obstacles holding her back. Virginia Woolf speaks through her persona in this essay by relating to her struggle as a young girl wanting to be a writer. The little girl wanted to write and wanted to explore her mind by letting it "sweep unchecked round every rock and cranny of the world that lies submerged in the depths of our unconscious being" (19). Like a fisherman, the girl wanted something, which was to write, and she had to try to go after it, but there was many things in her way. In essence the girl would never get that "larger fish"(19) because she would always hit a rock or some boundary where her mind was not supposed to go. Often, this is the case for women rather than for men. Due to the way society views men, men are taught to go after that bigger fish and get it. Woolf's inner self understand the restrictions that women have. " Be sympathetic; be tender; flatter; deceive; use all the arts and wiles of our sex. Never let anybody guess you have a mind of your own. Above all be pure" (18). That inner self identifies with societies restraints of women to explore their mind and their abilities. Societies views on men and women make it harder for women to go after what they want. Men can just try to do something and achieve what they want. Women, on the other hand, can try to achieve their highest goal and it always seems like there is something in the way that makes it that much more difficult to get it. Today's society is very different from when Virginia Woolf had these thoughts of repression. Woolf, in turn, has made it a lot easier for women to look back at the way society used to be and change societies thoughts. This was done in the hope that these same prejudices and obstacles would not be in the way of women any longer. Over time it has become easier for women to be writers and explore their mind, but for any woman there will always be some sort of obstacle in the way. "she has still many ghosts to fight, many prejudices to overcome"(20).

Dmanisi essays

Dmanisi essays The site of Dmanisi (Eastern Georgia), is approximately 1.7 million years old and is located approximately eighty-five kilometers southwest of the Georgian capital of Tbilisi and twenty kilometers north of the countrys border with Armenia, located near the lower Caucasus Mountains. The environmental setting surrounding Dmanisi was relatively a mild Mediterranean climate. The presence of the Black Sea to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east ensures an environmental setting that provided hominids with extensive lithic resources that were used for tool production. This region also appears to have been ecologically diverse. It is rich in animal and plant resources, and it contains the remains of deer and horse animal bones. The location of the Dmanisi site would have attracted many hominids as well as many animals because of its proximity to the water. The key findings in this site include four hominid skulls, two-thousand stone tools and thousands of animal fossils. Dmanisi was an important city from early medieval times. It is located overlooking two rivers, surrounded by the gentle green hills of the southern Caucasus, where Europe meets Asia. The remains of this ancient Silk Road that stretched from Europe to China pass nearby. Merchant caravans laden with silk and spices once stopped here to water their animals and refresh themselves in the shadows of the medieval castle that once ruled the region. But beneath all of this lies the rock of an ancient volcanic eruption that spewed molten lava about 1.8 million years ago. It is here that researchers continue to uncover human fossil remains. In 1991, David Lordkipanidze, a leading geologist and paleontologist was leading the excavation of the Dmanisi site when his crew found a hominid bone underneath the skeleton of a saber-tooth cat. Before David Lordkipanidze excavated the site in 1991, a paleontologist by the name of Abesalom Vekua had been excavating the site since 1983....

Financial Check Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Check Up - Essay Example First worksheet entry reflects money I used to fuel my car. I used $100 in every week to fuel my car. For one month, I spent $400 dollars to fuel my car. This is equivalent to 8% of my monthly income. The second worksheet entry shows the amount of money I used to go for a movie show for a single month. To go for Movie Theater to watch a movie, I spent $20. This was part of my entertainment expenses equivalent to 0.4% of my income. According to Gibson (145-189), financial tracking sheet maintain a record of individual’s financial progress. It reflects individual decisions before they complete a budget, fulfill diverse distribution demands and meet their main requirements (Gibson, pp145-189). From my spreadsheet, there were only nine entries for a whole month. Each entry showed some financial decisions I made for the whole month. The spreadsheet give information like the date I spent, the amount of money I spent, amount of income, category of the event and description of the event. The tracking sheet measured my financial performance over the one-month financial duration. To find expense statement, I determined how I acquire cash and sustain some in the pocket amidst expenses. My overall expenses amounted to $2545 and my income was $5000. The tracking sheet displays my new worth statement; it displays my underlying money, liabilities and the net worth after subtracting cash from liabilities (Gibson, 145-189). After adding my expenses ($2545), and subtracting it from my income ($5000), my net worth was $2455. Financial ratios are useful determiners of financial condition. They reveal my financial strengths and weakness. The liquidity ratios (1.96464) measured the presence of cash to settle debts. Since it is greater than one, I could easily meet my debts. The debts ratios measure my ability to repay the long-term debts. For this case, I did not have any debt. The profitability

The Pursuit of Happyness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Pursuit of Happyness - Essay Example With a tag-line, â€Å" How much can you know about yourself if you have never been in a fight?† [1] , the movie, through the character of played by Norton, thoroughly convinces us that even we are living a dead and a boring life like him. And getting into a ‘fight’ is the only way we can be alive again. The movie tells a story of an insurance agent suffering from insomnia who feels that he is the most miserable person on the earth. His doctor asks him to visit the support group of different disease to know that there are more miserable people than him. He starts feeling better by looking at them and feels little alive. But his life becomes hell when girl called Marla enters his life, as even she is a faker like him and this makes him feel exposed. Norton is shown to be a victim of a civilized and commercialized society. His drives are suppressed and his life becomes boring and dead. One day, when thinking if his life would have been different if he was a different person, a man called Tyler enters his life and from that moment Jack’s life changes completely. The movie is a commentary by an insurance agent who tells his story. The scenes and the people that he talks about are shot in such a way that we actually feel the boredom and the depression of his life. His office, his routine, his travels and his visits to the support groups are described in such a robotic and dull manner that it makes us believe how miserable he is. It shows how the external things like brands, products, corporate houses, career and artificialness in relationships have made our life dead. Through Norton’s character, we experience the deadness of our life. The

English Orthography Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Orthography - Scholarship Essay Example Define the term regular polysemy and demonstrate whether or not the relation between the senses of the bold words in (a) and (b) is a regular relation. Be sure to describe the senses of (a) and (b) first, before going on to explore the polysemy of semantically similar words. If you find that it is not a completely regular relation, discuss any reasons you can see for the limits on the pattern. Before we explore the relation between the senses of the bold words in (a) and (b) and whether it is a regular relation or not, let us throw some light upon three ubiquitous terms in semantics. These terms are polysemy, regular, and regular polysemy. First, Crystal (1988, p.236) defines polysemy as 'a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings'. The definition sounds clear and concise. According to this definition, any lexical item (word) which has more than one meaning is polysemous and thus falls under the umbrella of polysemy. Regular, on the other hand, is 'predictable from non - lexical conceptual information', Murphy (2004, p.235). When we combine the two words together, we will get a semantic term that has gained much attention recently, viz. regular polysemy (also known as meaning shifts). Many definitions have been give... When we combine the two words together, we will get a semantic term that has gained much attention recently, viz. regular polysemy (also known as meaning shifts). Many definitions have been given to regular polysemy by linguists and semanticists. According to Peters (2005, p.232) ' regular polysemy is a metonymic phenomenon: a non - literal figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for that of another related to it'. Lobner (2002) refers to regular polysemy as meaning variants which are related via metaphor, metonymy or differentiation. Clearly speaking, regular polysemy denotes the process whereby a word has more than one meaning due to a general rule for making new meanings out of old ones. For example, a word which indicates a container indicates the content of the container too as illustrated below: Can as container: I have poured coke into the can. Can as content: I have drunk the whole can. Also, a disc might refer to a thin, flat, round object in general as well as a magnetic disc. A mouse is used to refer to a small furry animal with a long tail only, but it is also a device that controls the movement of the cursor on a computer screen, Lobner (2002). The relation between the senses of the bold words in (a) and (b) is a regular relation. The senses of these two words are closely related since they are all related to poultry. Turkey, in the first sentence, refers to a large, gallinaceous bird of the family Meleagrididae, especially Meleagris gallopavo of America that typically has green, reddish-brown and yellowish-brown plumage of a metallic luster and that is domesticated in most parts of the world (Dictionary.com, 2008)

Alternatives to Prison for Punishment and Rehabilitation

Alternatives to Prison for Punishment and Rehabilitation Crime has always been prevalent in the myriad spheres of our society and will never cease to exist. To combat crimes, methods have been derived to deter these depending on the gravity of the crime itself. The graver the crime the graver the punishment. These methods can prove to be inefficient. In this eventuality new ways must be thought and implemented for a safer and better community at large. Imprisonment has been used since a very long time ago and still used as a mean to deter and punish law breakers and again the worse the deeds, the greater the time of imprisonment. This method present many objectives and is most widely used, it keeps people guilty of a crime under strict control before their case is presented at the court of justice and act as a punishment as their freedom is snatched once they are convicted. Moreover it prevents them from committing more crimes. It also plays the role of a rehabilitation center that is the person leads a better life and is able to reintegra te the society. Finally it protects the public from them.(stern V 2006) However, these objectives are not always met by the mean of incarceration. As Professor Angela Davis (Professor of Criminology at Birmingham City University) puts it, prisons are obsolete. She votes for a â€Å"decarceration† and believes that the era of imprisonment has come to an end because often prisoner are those who suffer from racism and sexism (Wikipedia, Angela Davis). Moreover incarceration marginalizes the offenders, keeping them away from the social interactions of their formerly everyday life and this will create a sense of alienation which will further encourage criminal behavior. (William Bales, 2011) Evidence shows that, imprisonment further criminalise the offenders where they get indulged in more serious crimes where all they did was a misdemeanor. Often in the prison environment drug dealing takes place and non drug addicts become prey to temptations. Moreover wrong frequentations of notorious criminals make them divert to a world full of crime where they collude with them. Furthermore, the transmission of HIV and other diseases are prevalent there and this is alarming. (William Bales, 2011) Prisoner usually comes from poor environment where they are poverty stricken, unemployed and indulged in drug and alcohol activities and they commit crimes because of their illiteracy. Therefore in the light of the above, it is concluded that imprisonment is not the only possible means of deterring crimes. The justice policy institute concluded the crime rate has gone down since the states has put fewer person in prison. As prison population fell by 0.2%, a 6% drop in violent crime was noticed. These figures show that keeping fewer prisoners could have a positive effect on the safety of the public. (Heather C West, 2010) There are many alternatives to prison. But the gravity of the action committed by the offender should be taken into consideration. Firstly the fine. this is a monetary amount to be paid by the convict and this amount again depends on the gravity of the action committed and the economical status of him.Usually fines are paid for small offences such as speeding fines but for atrocious crimes it does not apply because it will be unfair to let the criminal free in the society. Compensation also is a type of fine paid to the family of the victims. (Matt Faye, 2010) Secondly probation. The offender is active in the society but he is under constatant monitoring by a probation officer. The offender is given a restricted area where he can go and if he refrains to do so, then he may be imprisoned. This alternative is flexible and is used in the Wales. (Matt, Faye, 2010). With technology the use of electronic monitoring is now possible.this technology is very practical and requires obligatory supervision.the convict wears ankle bracelets which is connected to a gps (global positioning satellite system) which gives the exact location of him. This costs 6 times lesser than imprisonment and reduces offenders risk by 31%. This study was conducted in Florida where more than 5000 offenders were supervised. (William Bales, 2011) Thirdly Capital Punishment. This type of punishment is the most finite type.The talion law an eye for eye a tooth for a tooth. Murderers forgo their rights as human when they take someone else’s life.Many more innocent person have been killed by released paroled murderers than people executed. Capital punishment is 100% effective as a deterrent because the murderer cannot kill again. It can also deter other crimes, a 1985 study (Stephen K. Layson, University of North Carolina) showed that 1 execution deterred 18 murders. (Wikipedia ) Moreover this will cut the cost of prisons will also be reduced. Fourthly, Suspended Sentences. The offender is not imprisoned but follows certain conditions. This system is used in overcrowded prisons where the offender must not commit any offence for a set amount of time. The offender is also supervised by a probation officer by this time. (Stern v 2006) Community measures The offender is required to do community works entirely or partially in prison. The work is unpaid. Normally some cleaning or maintenance. Rehabilitation, the convicts is allowed to follow some treatment (drug and alcohol addicts). Often those people commits crime and this can stop with proper rehabilitation facilities. Finding drug treatments to them will reduce the number of addicts in the prisons and is a suitable alternative too. (Stern V 2006) Juvenile Crimes child crime is different from adult crime. In most legal systems the offenders are not deemed to be fully functioning as moral agents. Thus, the best way to handle them is through rehabilitation rather than punishment.correction centres should be made for children beyond control instead of imprisoning them.(Wikipedia Crime committed by mentally ill offenders should not be punished by the means of incarceration because the latter is not conscious of what he/she is doing. Instead they should be conducted to a psychiatric centre to get treated. For these alternatives to be implemented, the convicts must follow a set of guidelines and must imperatively follow it.otherwise they will be imprisoned.some right are also restricted for them such as they won’t be allow to go to places where they want to go. Conclusion Alternative ways to prisons is a good thing while the offender respect the set of guidelines given.If the single bread earner of a family is jailed then the whole family is crippled and will fade into the darkness of poverty. if a mother is imprisoned then the child will lack maternal love and this can turn the child into a criminal.on a conclusive note it is better considering the condition where the person committed the crime. if a person commits a theft out of pleasure or greed he deserves the maximum punishment else if because of poverty then trainng programs can be offered. Bibliography Stern V Criminal Justice Reform Unit Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria(2006) united nations office on drugs and crimes, Alternatives to Incarceration http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and- prisonreform/cjat_eng/3_Alternatives_Incarceration.pdf [accessed 24.02.15] William bales ,Karen mann 2011 Us department of justice ,office of justice programs national institute of justice september 2011 Electronic monitoring reduces recidivism.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/234460.pdf[accessed [24.02.15] Matt Loffman and Faye Morten ,Joe Caesey February 2010.The quaker council for European affaires,council of Europe ,Investigating alternatives to imprisonment pg [8-12] http://www.qcea.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/rprt-alternatives-en-jan-2010.pdf accessed [24.02.15] Heather C. West, William J. Sabol, and Sarah J. CRIME, INCARCERATION DOWN IN 2010: States are safely reducing prison populations SEPTEMBER 2011  http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/fbi_ucr_2010_factsheet_final.pdf accessed [24.02.15[ http://www.sistersinside.com.au/media/alternativestoprison.pdf accessed [24.02.15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis[24.02.15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_incarceration

The Articles of Confederation Essay -- articles of confederation, cent

A few hundred years ago, the United States first Constitution, the Articles of Confederation, was created. This Constitution created a weak central government in order to give the people the rights that they deserve. This plan of government, however, proved to be too weak and it could not control the people or pay the debts that the country had acquired from the Revolutionary War. One of the many problems of the Articles of Confederation was that it had no power to collect taxes(wikipedia.org). This made the new nation go in huge debt because it had no way of paying the army for their services in the Revolutionary War. The United States did receive some money from neighboring countries in order to pay of the debt and they had also gotten a few pence from the states, but this was insufficient and they still could not pay their debt. Another problem of the Articles of Confederation was that it could not enforce its laws and make the states pay the money that they promised the government. One of the many effects that this problem made was Shays' Rebellion. This rebellion was caused by the taxes that the government made. It stated that everybody must pay for the taxes or they would have their land taken away from them and be sent to jail. This angered the farmers since they could not pay the taxes, and so, this rebellion was formed. In order to prevent any further outbreaks from occurring, our Founding Fathers got together to form a convention, which was called the Constitutional Convention. This convention was to be held to fix the government and stop other occurrences, such as Shays' Rebellion, from ever happening again. When the Founding Fathers went to Philladelphia, they quickly decided that their gov... ...ticles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States. A few years later, the Founding Fathers found out that the Articles weren't working as they had in mind and they then went to Philladelphia to revise it. When they go there, there were many disagreements about slavery and representation. To stop these arguments, the Connecticut and the Three-fifths Compromise was made. Then, all but Virginia and Washington agreed to ratify the Constitution because it had no Bill of Rights. To fix this problem, James Madison then promised to create a Bill of Rights to protect the people and ensure that there new government would never again turn into one like Great Britain's. Works Cited The Articles of Confederation, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation The U.S. Constitution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution

Capital Punishment Annotated Bib

Chinmaya Sharma Field LNG 406 25 January 2011 Capital Punishment – Just: An Annotated Bibliography Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood: A True Account of A Multiple Murder and Its Consequences. New York: Vintage, 1994. Print. Crowe, Robert E. â€Å"Should Capital Punishment be Retained? Pro. † Congressional Digest Aug. 1927: 228+. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 26 Jan. 2011. Crowe believes the primary benefit of capital punishment is its usefulness in deterring any future criminal acts, particularly murders. He asserts the death penalty is the only punishment equal in value to the murders or other crimes for which capital punishment is sentenced. While attacking the United States government for its lack of criminal regulation, Crowe suggests capital punishment will instill fear in criminals and make them think twice before committing a violent crime. He states this fear of punishment is what protects citizens from the wrath of brutal murderers who, without the death penalty, would believe they have nothing to fear. Crowe proclaims someone who tries to nullify the death penalty in court is hampering the progress of the American government and is keeping the rest of society in danger. As the article continues, Crowe concurs that the feeling of being on the jury of a murder trial is one of the most difficult as you hold the life of a person in your hands. However, he believes people have the best interest of their society in mind. Crowe uses Chicago as an example of how capital punishment as resulted in the decrease in murders and other crimes. Throughout the rest of the article, Crowe discusses how the life of the victim is forever lost and the punishment should be proportionate to the rime, how even those who are deemed irresponsible should be sentenced to the death penalty for the better of society, and how there is proof of capital punishment deterring further crime. Crowe’s analysis of capital punishment and its justification is thorough, but only thorough in one aspect. The author focuses only on the deterring effect the death penalty has on crime and other murderers. His information is credible, but seems to be more focused on appealing to the emotion s rather than stating blatant facts. The source of this article is a congressional magazine. Therefore, staying within the limits of the slight bias, the information is coming from a credible source and should be valuable for my research and debate.. Due to the article dating back to the 1920s, the statistics and facts of this article may not be accurate. While some of my other research has focused on addressing counter-arguments, this article solidifies one strong point. Crowe’s argument revolves around the deterring effect of capital punishment on murders. Therefore, this article will provide a basis for my analysis of the societal results of the death penalty. I will also use the statements made by Crowe about how it is the moral duty of the justice system to protect and provide for the citizens for the country. By leaving these murders and criminals alive, he believes we are putting the rest of society at risk. This article will prove to be invaluable when addressing some of the issues such as societal safety and the overall effects of capital punishment on future criminal acts. Franklin, H. Bruce. â€Å"Billy Budd and Capital Punishment. † American Literature. Web. 02 Feb. 2011. . â€Å"History: Early World and American Death Penalty Laws.   Death Penalty. Web. 02 Feb. 2011. . Johnson, Robert, and Sandra Smith. â€Å"Life Without Parole, America’s Other Death Penalty. â€Å"The Prison Journal. Sage Publications. Web. 30 Jan. 2011. . Life without parole is examined as a form of death penalty. The authors declare how life without parole is a true life punishment because the prisoners must live their lives knowing that th ey will never be allowed out. The two interview many of the prisoners and prison officers to understand the conditions, both mentally and physically, of the prisons in which these criminals stay. Smith and Johnson indicate the conditions of the prisons are ideal because they include food, a bed, recreation and many other commodities. The true impact comes from the emotional turmoil from knowing that the prison is where they will die. While many assume the life without parole prisoners must be a threat to society within and outside of the prison, the authors prove the emotional impact changes the criminals and makes them more respectable people The article also shows how these people feel so lonely and that is why life without parole is a viable alternative for the death penalty. Overall, this source will probably be the least used source out of my entire bibliography. I chose this source when I knew that my part of the argument would be about the conditions of prisons. However, the article does satisfy the part of my argument that shows how the prisons of these criminals are actually in perfect condition and how the prisoners enjoy the conditions while living there. Robert Johnson and Sandra Smith both work at large universties and are publishing a significant article. Therefore, I believe this article is reliable and the information should be credible. The goal of the source is to show how life without parole is not as good as everyone believes it is. The source is objective because it shows both good and bad aspects of prison. I will use this source to help prove my point about the condition of the prisons. Johnson and Smith both indicate how the conditions are fantastic with food and recreation. These conditions are better than many of the conditions of people living in America. I will also utilize the first-hand account of one of the prisoners to back up my argument. It will fit perfectly into the body of my argument by shaping how I explain how tax-payers’ money is furnishing a lavish living style of these criminals compared to what they were in before. Hopefully, this evidence will help convince people that the minor cost difference that may occur at times between life without parole and capital punishment is miniscule when considering the broader aspect. Sharp, Dudley. â€Å"Death Penalty Paper. †Ã‚  Pro-death Penalty. Web. 30 Jan. 2011. . Sharp’s article assesses every aspect of the capital punishment argument. He starts by indicating how the anti-death penalty movement has overwhelmed the debate and has filled people’s minds with lies which have no substantial evidence. He states how capital punishment is the only punishment which fits the amplitude of the crime. When addressing the risk of a innocent man being executed, he explains how the statistics given by most people are incorrect. In the United States, there have only been a minute amount of cases where an innocent man was executed. Sharp illustrates the lack of mistakes involving the death penalty. Sharp continues to summarize how the death penalty is a deterrent to crime and how this fact is conclusive and irrefutable. He also states how capital punishment makes American society a safer place to live. Throughout the rest of the article, Sharp talks about a variety of topics including race and the death penalty, cost of capital punishment versus life without parole, death penalty procedures and the relation between Christianity and capital punishment. Sharps analysis of every argument makes this article absolutely perfect for the debate supporting capital punishment. For every point he makes, he provides a resource and occasionally a justification if numbers should be altered. Since this site is primarily about supporting capital punishment, a small bias maybe evident in his writing. He seems to be a credible source because he works as the Death Penalty Resources Director at Justice For All. I think his article could be used for a variety of purposes because he encompasses all of the major points supporting capital punishment. He frequently takes information from the Death Penalty Information Center, reinforcing his credibility. I think this article will be valuable to be because of the statistics and information it uses to show how capital punishment is actually cheaper then life without parole. Unlike most of the other sites I have looked at, it actually provides calculations step by step and justification if certain numbers are only estimates and how these estimates were made. Sharp does not leave any part of the argument with a weak end. Since my argument is the cost between death penalty and life without parole, this article will almost suffice as all I need. I believe it will be very difficult to refute evidence which is so precise such as the information Sharp has provided. This article will help show that the death penalty is cheaper than life without parole. Stanton, Edward C. â€Å"Should Capital Punishment be Retained? Pro. † Congressional Digest Aug. 1927: 232+. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 25 Jan. 2011. Stanton’s article assesses each specific argument made by people supporting the abolishment of capital punishment and provides a logical and complete rebuttal. After reviewing past articles and statements made by these abolitionists, Stanton states that most of these people are sentimentalists who have completely battered the minds of readers into a state of submission. Through the use of two court cases in the past few years in which murderers were given a lighter sentence than they deserved, the author reiterates sentimentalists brainwash and destroy the backbone of juries. Furthermore, Stanton provides statistics demonstrating the increase of homicides in the United States. Stanton declares most of the sentimentalists lack experience dealing directly with murders which makes their statements difficult to believe. Throughout the rest of the article, the author indicates several of the arguments these sentimentalists put forth and counters with his own support of capital punishment. Stanton includes counter-arguments against all of the following: choosing life-imprisonment over capital punishment, giving opportunities to the criminals, capital punishment being a practice of the past, and the chance of having an innocent person convicted and executed. Stanton provides a substantial and thorough analysis of why capital punishment should be maintained as a policy in the United States. His information seems credible as he uses several statistics and court cases to reinforce his statements. Stanton may be slightly biased because he has dealt with murders in the past, but this also contributes to his authenticity. The information is quite reliable as it comes from a congressional magazine. This article primarily focuses on telling the complete truth about capital punishment and convincing people capital punishment is a just form of punishment. Stanton tries to eliminate the flowery and false information sentimentalists provide for readers. The only negative aspect of this article is it dates back to the 1920s. Therefore, the statistics cannot be used for present-day. Stanton’s article on capital punishment satisfies one of the requirements for my debate. He provides an answer for many of the points the other team may use. The article shapes how I will write my rebuttal by providing information which would counter most of the arguments put forth by those arguing capital punishment as an unjust form of punishment. Stanton solidifies my view that capital punishment deters criminals from committing the worst crimes because they fear the death penalty. He also addresses the fear of executing people are innocent of a crime. Since the chance of a false conviction is so small, any doubt that the death penalty is a proper form of punishment for those criminals with unforgiveable crimes should be forgotten. Stanton’s views coincide with my own and provide a solid base for a rebuttal in the debate.

Colonialization in Africa1 essays

Colonialization in Africa1 essays Each country in the entire world has experienced a great deal of change whether it be Religion, beliefs, food, or education. You may think that just because you live in the United States that every state has evolved the same, well not really at all the East coast was all founded years before the West and just like America other countries follow a similar pattern like Africa. There are so many different African countries that all have such different pasts and different stories. Even back when the countries were being inhabited or colonized, they were so similar being in the Sahara, yet so different in. So if all these places are so close yet so different does it change the atmosphere , or how does the colonialization of Northern, Southern, Western, and Eastern Africa change the face of the continent? Well here are some examples of four completely different African countries; Tunisia (north), Malawi (south), Djibouti (east), Sierra Leone (west). You will be amazed with all the di fferent histories and cultures each individual country has. Tunisia, a small beautiful country that sits at the top of the African coast was taken over by the French after they found interest in Tunisia's great location. The French signed the Bardo Treaty, which acknowledged Tunisia as a French protectorate. In the late 1880s a group of French settlers colonized the region along the northern coast. The settlers exerted a Western influence on the hitherto Arab culture. Tunisia has changed drastically from the colonization days they have enhanced into a culture that cares deeply about education, and the well being of all people. Tunisias main language is Arabic, yet French and English are widely spoken all over the country. Islam is the main religion, but there are also roman Catholics most of whom are French. Education is widely important and encouraged. The literacy rate is relatively high 40% higher then the other north African cou ...

Comstock Law and Its Role in Birth Control History

Comstock Law and Its Role in Birth Control History Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles for Immoral Use The Comstock Law, passed in the United States in 1873, was part of a campaign for legislating public morality in the United States. As its full title (above) implies, the Comstock Law was meant to stop the trade in obscene literature and immoral articles. In reality, the Comstock Law was targeted not only at obscenity and dirty books but at birth control devices and information on such devices, at abortion, and at information on sexuality and on sexually transmitted diseases. The Comstock Law was widely used to prosecute those who distributed information or devices for birth control. In 1938, in a case involving Margaret Sanger, Judge August Hand lifted the federal ban on birth control, effectively ending the use of the Comstock Law to target birth control information and devices.

DCF Modelling methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

DCF Modelling methods - Essay Example One finance model used to assess an investment's attractiveness based on these two factors is the Capital Asset Pricing Model or CAPM. CAPM equates the expected return with the market return, the risk free rate, and the relative behaviour - defined as beta (of the price of a security relative to the behaviour of the market. CAPM's basic criterion is straightforward: an investment is attractive if its risk premium (the additional return over the risk-free rate) is equal to or higher than the risk of the market. If the risk premium is the difference between the expected return r and the risk-free rate rf, or (r - rf), and the market risk is the difference between the market's rate of return rm and the risk-free rate rf multiplied by the of the stock (Sharpe, 1964 and Lintner, 1965), then the CAPM formula can be shown as follows: The risk premium of the security (7%) is greater than the risk premium of the market (6%). Put another way, the security's 12% anticipated return is above the expected return of 11% that makes the security attractive to an investor given its or price behaviour. According to CAPM, this security is attractive. Empirical evidence from Sharpe and Lintner showed that the expected return of a security d... The two sides of the CAPM equation reflect two aspects of risk, a non-diversifiable market risk and a diversifiable risk that can be minimized by holding a portfolio of securities. Beta measures risk and provides the investor with a method to assess whether the investment conforms to his/her risk appetite; a beta higher than 1 indicates that the investment is riskier than the market portfolio. Risk appetite is one issue that affects the investment decision. Another is whether the company's share price is under- or over-valued. If analysis of the company shows that the market price of the security is under-valued relative to its intrinsic value, or that the market will continue going up over time, then an investor would willingly take on the added risk in exchange for a higher upside potential and buy the security even if CAPM shows otherwise. As Graham (p. 88) argued, the "rate of return of any investment will depend on the amount of intelligent effort the investor is willing to put into the task". CAPM is one model used to value the attractiveness of a security by relating risk to beta. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory of Ross (1976) is another alternative to estimate a security's return based on macroeconomic factors (like inflation, interest rates, etc.) and market "noise" (rumours, news about the company, etc.). Another is the use of Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation that we discuss in the next number. Beta. Investopedia.com. Available from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/beta.asp Graham, B. (2003). The intelligent investor. New York: Harper Business. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Investopedia.com. Available from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capm.asp Question 5 Outline the ways risk is analysed in the various DCF

Middle east economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Middle east economy - Essay Example On economic issues, there has been a traditional shaping of the way the economies are run largely by the common religion that the region shares. The political stability of the region has also not been stable owing to the many Islamist groups that have constantly fought for islamisation of all policies in the region according to the rules of the Quran. This region has not developed well relative to the world level of emerging markets (Kuran). This paper therefore seeks to establish the historical facts that have led to this underdevelopment since the development of the Islamic law and the Quran. The economic institutions that existed in pre-modern times were of the idea that all laws are to be implemented under duress. The major focus will be on historical institutions that that accounted for the subsequent institutional evolution in the region. Economic Institutions The growth of economy in the Middle East draws its historical background to the development of Islam. This brought in t he economic institutions based on advanced contract law. The Islamic law brought in principles, regulations and procedures that governed the development of the economy of this region. ... However, economic scholars of the time were not able to agree on the definition of ‘lending’ or what really constituted ‘interest’. Islam jurists supported the credit money in which there was devising strategies that allowed interest to be charged without violating the Quran principles. There were no financial institutions and therefore the lenders were just individuals and society groups. The third issue shaping the economic governance of the region was economic governance that was shallow. Most of the governance was made by the state in which case mosques, libraries and caravanserais were built and financed directly by the state. These, being Muslim states were built on the basis of two very basic principles; Provisionalism as well as Fiscalism. Any order that was contrary to these principles was not directly allowed and did not therefore get the support of the national government. Weak property rights as well as arbitrary succession were the order of the day which was reported during the early practices of economy. The Muslim statesmen in the region starting with those in the state of Saudi Arabia had tax policies that were very concrete. The same was soon spread to other areas of the missile east that had embraced civilization earlier on especially the pre-Islamic civilization. These laws however became obsolete especially in Iraq, Syria, Iran and Palestine. Therefore, just like in civilizations that were coeval, there was tax discrimination in that the non-Muslims paid more taxes than the non-Muslims. This principle was unsystematic and many more communities received expropriation. However, as the practice became more applicable, there was the extent of confiscation and imposition of new taxes in the economies. This means that this industry